Review On The Kite Runner Book - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 774 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: The Kite Runner Essay Did you like this example? The book I am reviewing is The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini. Mr. Hosseini, an Afghan native, is a doctor-turned-writer who currently resides in California. He has written three novels, all of which feature Afghanistan as a country in some way and an Afghan native as the main character. All three novels spent time as New York Times bestsellers, although The Kite Runner, his first novel, is still possibly the best-known book. This book follows the life of a certain Amir, from his childhood through to adulthood. The book is split into three parts. The first part covers Amirrs childhood in Kabul, Afghanistan, and the events that transpired there with his friend Hassan. Part two then goes on to cover Amir and his fatherrs exodus from Afghanistan after the communist takeover and their new life in the United States. The final part of the book shows Amir returning to Afghanistan at the behest of an old family friend. It is a politically charged book telling a compelling redemption story. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Review On The Kite Runner Book" essay for you Create order Although it is fiction, The Kite Runner gives an accurate and detailed description of Afghanistan. It depicts the early days of modern Afghanistan, the book starts on the day the king is overthrown and a republic is declared, as well as some of the communist era, and it even shows some of Afghanistan in a more present-day light. This book might be a fictional drama, but the setting is historically accurate making this a tool for anyone attempting to study and understand not just Afghanistan, but the present-day Middle East and Central Asia as a whole. Foremost on my mind is this books main focus. I have heard/read it called a political commentary a few times, both by personal friends as well as from my teachers in school. It is easy to see where this point is reached. Throughout the story, Amir talks of the situation in Afghanistan, sometimes even giving in-depth explanations. Moreover, story itself shows instances of life in that part of the world, like when the soldiers mocked Hassan. The author goes through great lengths to make the reader empathize not just with important characters but also with short-lived supporting characters, such as the young woman the Russian soldier wanted (or even the soldier himself). The Kite Runner is full of reasons why it mainly is a political commentary on Afghanistan. In spite of this, I would argue that this is not the main purpose of the book, though it certainly could be one of them. I believe that this story is meant to be a father-son story. Through out the book, Amir is constantly referencing his father. This may seem fairly normal, and honestly it is. After all, what boy does not look up to their father (for the most part)? Still, in this case, there might be more to it. Historically speaking, Eurasian societies have always been mainly patriarchal, and in such societies, the eldest son held an important place after the father. The eldest son carried the family name after his father would pass away, therefore he would be the main inheritor of the family estate. These traditions are still strictly upheld in certain parts of the world today, Afghanistan being one such place. In the book, we know that Amirrs father is either rich or extremely well off. Yet he never sends Amir away. He shows frustration, and sometimes it even seems more like disgust or disdain, towards his son. Still, he always keeps him close, empathizing with Amir both in moments of sadness and happiness. In short, the reader is shown how strong a nd deep their bond as father-son is, in turn showing the lengths they would go through for each other. In addition, we also see Amir as he struggles to keep Hassanrs son in his attempts to keep him as his own. At the beginning of this review, I called The Kite Runner a redemption story, and it really is! Amirrs redemption comes when he chooses to become a father. Overall, The Kite Runner is a great book for many reasons. It accurately depicts the setting and events that the story is a part off. The characters are developed and engaging individuals whom, even if you are not rooting for them, you can still empathize with. We are able to see the world and political climate from where Amir originates. Still, through all this, the presence of Amirrs father and even Amirrs own decisions show how a fatherrs love is so important though out this book. The father-son relationship definitely is one of, if not the most, powerful driving force in The Kite Runner.

Introduction to an Oligopoly Market

When discussing different types of market structures, monopolies are at one end of the spectrum, with only one seller in monopolistic markets, and perfectly competitive markets are at the other end, with many buyers and sellers offering identical products. That said, there is a lot of middle ground for what economists call imperfect competition. Imperfect competition can take a number of different forms, and the particular features of an imperfectly competitive market has implications for the market outcomes for consumers and producers. Oligopoly is one form of imperfect competition, and oligopolies have a number of specific features: Several large firms - Oligopolies generally consist of a few large firms, and this is part of what sets them apart from competitive markets. Similar or identical products - While it is possible to have an oligopoly with slightly differentiated products, firms in oligopolies usually sell non-differentiated products. Barriers to entry - There are barriers to entry into an oligopoly, making oligopolies different from competitive markets with a large number of relatively small firms. In essence, oligopolies are named as such because the prefix oli- means several, whereas the prefix mono-, as in monopoly, means one. Because of barriers to entry, firms in oligopolies are able to sell their products at prices above their marginal costs of production, and this generally results in positive economic profits for firms in oligopolies. This observation of markup over marginal cost implies that oligopolies do not maximize social welfare.

Why Hercules Had to Perform the 12 Labors

For most of his life, Hercules (Greek: Herakles/Heracles) was in thrall to his cousin-once-removed, Eurystheus, the King of Tiryns, but it was not until Hercules committed unspeakable acts that Eurystheus got to have some fun at his cousins expense—with the help of Hera. Hera, who had been angry with Hercules since even before he was born and had repeatedly tried to destroy him, now drove the hero mad and delusional. In this state, Hercules imagined he saw Lycus, the tyrant of Thebes who killed Creon and plans to kill Hercules family, accompanied by his family. Here is a section on the slaughter, from a 1917 English translation of Senecas tragedy (Translated by Miller, Frank Justus. Loeb Classical Library Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1917): [He catches sight of his children.][987] But look! here lurk the children of the king, my enemy, the abominable spawn of Lycus; to your detested father this hand forthwith shall send you. Let my bowstring discharge swift arrows—so it is meet that the shafts of Hercules should fly.... THE VOICE OF MEGARA[1014] Husband, spare me now, I beg. See, I am Megara. This is thy son, with thine own looks and bearing. See, how he stretches out his hands. THE VOICE OF HERCULES:[1017] I have caught my stepdame [Juno/Hera]. Come, pay me thy debt, and free o’ermastered Jove from a degrading yoke. But before the mother let this little monster perish.Seneca Hercules Furens In reality, the figures the Greek hero saw were his own children and his well-loved wife, Megara. Hercules slew them all (or most of them) and incinerated 2 of the children of his brother Iphicles, as well. In some accounts, Megara survived. In these, when he came to his senses, Hercules transferred his wife, Megara to Iolaus. [To learn more about Hercules murderous rage, you should read the Hercules Furens tragedies of Seneca and Euripides.] Here is an extended passage from the same translation of Hercules Furens, on the motivation of Juno: [19] But I lament ancient wrongs; one land, the baneful and savage land of Thebes, scattered thick with shameless mistresses, how oft has it made me stepdame! Yet, though Alcmena be exalted and in triumph hold my place; though her son, likewise, obtain his promised star (for whose begetting the world lost a day, and Phoebus with tardy light shone forth from the Eastern sea, bidden to keep his bright car sunk beneath Oceans waves), not in such fashion shall my hatred have its end; my angry soul shall keep up a long-living wrath, and my raging smart, banishing peace, shall wage unending wars.[30] What wars? Whatever fearsome creature the hostile earth produces, whatever the sea or the air has borne, terrific, dreadful, noxious, savage, wild, has been broken and subdued. He rises anew and has thrives on trouble; he enjoys my wrath; to his own credit he turns my hate; imposing too cruel tasks, I have but proved his sire, but give room for glory. Where the Sun, as he brings back, and whe re, as he dismisses day, colours both Ethiop races with neighbouring torch, his unconquered valour is adored, and in all the world he is storied as a god. Now I have no monsters left, and tis less labour for Hercules to fulfil my orders than for me to order; with joy he welcomes my commands. What cruel biddings of his tyrant could harm this impetuous youth? Why, he bears as weapons what he once fought and overcame; he goes armed by lion and by hydra.[46] Nor is earth vast enough for him; behold, he has broken down the doors of infernal Jove, and brings back to the upper world the spoils7 of a conquered king. I myself saw, yes, saw him, the shadows of nether night dispersed and Dis overthrown, proudly displaying to his father a brothers spoils. Why does he not drag forth, bound and loaded down with fetters, Pluto himself, who drew a lot equal to Joves? Why does he not lord it over conquered Erebus and lay bare the Styx? It is not enough merely to return; the law of the shades has bee n annulled, a way back has been opened from the lowest ghosts, and the mysteries of dread Death lie bared. But he, exultant at having burst the prison of the shades, triumphs over me, and with arrogant hand leads through the cities of Greece that dusky hound. I saw the daylight shrink at sight of Cerberus, and the sun pale with fear; upon me, too, terror came, and as I gazed upon the three necks of the conquered monster I trembled at my own command.[63] But I lament too much oer trivial wrongs. Tis for heaven we must fear, lest he seize the highest realms who has overcome the lowest—he will snatch the sceptre from his father. Nor will he come to the stars by a peaceful journey as Bacchus did; he will seek a path through ruin, and will desire to rule in an empty universe. He swells with pride of tested might, and has learned by bearing them that the heavens can be conquered by his strength; he set his head beneath the sky, nor did the burden of that immeasurable mass bend his shoulders, and the firmament rested better on the neck of Hercules. Unshaken, his back upbore the stars and the sky and me down-pressing. He seeks a way to the gods above.[75] Then on, my wrath, on, and crush this plotter of big things; close with him, thyself rend him in pieces with thine own hands. Why to another entrust such hate? Let the wild beasts go their ways, let Eurystheus rest, himself weary with imposing tasks. Set free the Titans who dared to invade the majesty of Jove; unbar Sicilys mountain cave, and let the Dorian land, which trembles whenever the giant struggles, set free the buried frame of that dread monster; let Luna in the sky produce still other monstrous creatures. But he has conquered such as these. Dost then seek Alcides match? None is there save himself; now with himself let him war. Rouse the Eumenides from the lowest abyss of Tartarus; let them be here, let their flaming locks drop fire, and let their savage hands brandish snaky whips.[89] Go now, proud o ne, seek the abodes of the immortals and despise mans estate. Dost think that now thou hast escaped the Styx and the cruel ghosts? Here will I show thee infernal shapes. One in deep darkness buried, far down below the place of banishment of guilty souls, will I call up—the goddess Discord, whom a huge cavern, barred by a mountain, guards; I will bring her forth, and drag out from the deepest realm of Dis whatever thou hast left; hateful Crime shall come and reckless Impiety, stained with kindred blood, Error, and Madness, armed ever against itself—this, this be the minister of my smarting wrath![100] Begin, handmaids of Dis, make haste to brandish the burning pine; let Megaera lead on her band bristling with serpents and with baleful hand snatch a huge faggot from the blazing pyre. To work! claim vengeance for outraged Styx. Shatter his heart; let a fiercer flame scorch his spirit than rages in Aetnas furnaces. That Alcides may be driven on, robbed of all sense, by mig hty fury smitten, mine must be the frenzy first—Juno, why ravst thou not? Me, ye sisters, me first, bereft of reason, drive to madness, if I am to plan some deed worthy a stepdames doing. Let my request be changed; may he come back and find his sons unharmed, that is my prayer, and strong of hand may he return. I have found the day when Hercules hated valour is to be my joy. Me has he overcome; now may he overcome himself and long to die, though late returned from the world of death. Herein may it profit me that he is the son of Jove, I will stand by him and, that his shafts may fly from string unerring, Ill poise them with my hand, guide the madmans weapons, and so at last be on the side of Hercules in the fray. When he has done this crime, then let his father admit those hands to heaven![123] Now must my war be set in motion; the sky is brightening and the shining sun steals up in saffron dawn. Hercules Seeks Purification for His Crimes Madness was not an excuse for the carnage—not even madness sent by the gods—so Hercules had to make amends. First, he went to King Thespius on Mt. Helicon [see a map of northern Greece, Dd, in Boeotia] for purification, but that wasnt enough. Hercules' Expiation and Marching Orders To learn what further course he must take, Hercules consulted the oracle at Delphi where the Pythian priestess told him to expiate his crime by serving King Eurystheus for 12 years. During this 12-year period, Hercules had to perform the 10 labors the king would require of him. The Pythian also changed Hercules name from Alcides (after his grandfather Alcaeus) to what we normally call him, Heracles (in Greek) or Hercules (the Latin form and the one most commonly used today regardless of whether the reference is to a Greek or Roman myth). The Pythian also told Hercules to move to Tiryns. Willing to do anything to atone for his murderous rage, Hercules obliged. The Twelve Labors—Introduction Eurystheus set before Hercules a series of impossible tasks. If completed, some of them would have served a useful purpose because they removed the world of dangerous, predatory monsters—or excrement, but others were capricious whims of a king with an inferiority complex: Comparing himself with the hero was bound to make Eurystheus feel inadequate. Since Hercules was doing these tasks to atone for his crimes, Eurystheus insisted there be no ulterior motive. Because of this restriction, when King Augeas of Elis [see Peloponnese map Bb] promised Hercules a fee for cleaning his stables (Labor 5), Eurystheus denied the feat: Hercules had to do another to fill his quota. That King Augeas reneged and did not pay Hercules made no difference to Eurystheus. Other tasks the king of Tiryns set his nephew were make-work. For instance, once Hercules retrieved the apples of the Hesperides (Labor 11), but Eurystheus had no use for the apples, so he had Hercules send them back again. Eurystheus Hides From Hercules One more important point needs to be made in connection with these tasks. Eurystheus did not just feel inferior to Hercules; he was also afraid. Anyone who could survive the suicide missions on which King Eurystheus had sent the hero must be very powerful indeed. It is said Eurystheus hid in a jar and insisted—contrary to the instructions of the Pythian priestess—that Hercules stay outside the Tiryns city limits.

The French Revolution and Nature - 2386 Words

Consider the historical development of the French Revolution and its aftermath over the course of the 1790s and its impact on British poets. The French Revolution was born out of an age of extraordinary triumph where man decided to fight for the rights of his kind. It was described by Thomas Paine as a period in â€Å"which everything may be looked for† (The Rights of Man 168) and attained. â€Å"Man† was readily developing into an idealistic concept that had the capability to accomplish things that had only previously been matters of thought. However this glorious Revolution soon showed signs of weakness and was eventually marked a failure by the Jacobin â€Å"Reign of Terror†, resulting in William Wordsworth and Samuel Coleridge facing profound†¦show more content†¦The first failure of the Revolution that the poets focus on is the uniting of the multitude under one harmonic voice. This was a necessity in order to progress forward in the attainment of human rights. However from the onset the Revolution was faced with opposing beliefs which broke its hope for absolute unity and hindered its s trength. In Book IX of the Prelude, whilst referencing his conversations with the opposing Royalists, Wordsworth states that these â€Å"defenders of the crown† (198) did not refrain from trying to win him over to their side (197-200). This inability to achieve a unified body is however countered in Wordsworth’s â€Å"Lines written in Early Spring† as he reveals Nature’s success at accomplishing what man failed to. In the first line of the poem Wordsworth declares, â€Å"I heard a thousand blended notes† (â€Å"Lines written in Early Spring† 1) and therefore, in this beautiful grove, the poet reveals the presence of multiple sounds that grow in harmony with each other. The choice of the word â€Å"blended† (1) highlights the unification of Nature’s sounds into one cohesive body of song. Along with this, the use of sibilance also emphasizes this fusion as it produces one peaceful sound that pervades the rest of the stanza, there in mimicking the successful union of nature into one voice. In a manner similar to that ofShow MoreRelatedGeorge Washington : The French And Indian War1249 Words   |  5 Pagescommander in the French and Indian war, George Washington was better equipped to serve as a commander in chief during the Revolution because of his respected nature and his newly found military tactics. â€Å"The French and Indian War was the North American conflict in a larger imperial war between Great Britain and France known as the Seven Years’ War.†(â€Å"Office of the Historian†1) George Washington served as the commander during this war. He led his troops to victory against the French. George WashingtonRead MoreThe New Idea Of Romanticism1745 Words   |  7 Pagesnoble, and political authority and firm conventions needed a revolution. 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Religious Worldviews Free Essays

Part One: Hindu Worldview (Pantheistic) 1. The Question of Origin – In a Hindu Worldview the question of origin would be pantheistic in nature. A Hindu would believe that they have always been in existence and everything is a part of god. We will write a custom essay sample on Religious Worldviews or any similar topic only for you Order Now God is seen as an impersonal force of nature and this force is in everything and surrounds everything. One can only escape this force through the process of reincarnation and to become one with everything. 2. The Question of Identity – In a Hindu Worldview life is seen as a sacred part of nature. Man’s soul is seen as eternal until he eventually reaches a state of Nirvana. At that time they will become one with Brahman. The goal is to do enough good deeds so that when you die you will return in a higher life form until you reach Nirvana. 3. The Question of Meaning/Purpose – In a Hindu Worldview life is to be viewed as an illusion as though one was living in a dream and life around them does not really exist. The goal is to understand this so that you may end the cycle of reincarnation and ascend to a state of Nirvana. 4. The Question of Morality – In a Hindu Worldview god is in everything and everything is in god. This belief will govern how man treats everything and everyone around them. It is ultimately one’s own decision to determine what is right and what is wrong. 5. The Question of Destiny – In a Hindu Worldview one would believe that one’s karma determines how you will return in the next life. If a person has good Karma they will reach a higher level upon rebirth. If one has bad Karma they will return to a lower level, or as an animal upon rebirth. The goal is to reach Nirvana. Part Two: Christian Worldview (Theistic) . The Question of Origin – A Christian believes that God exists and that God always has been and always will be. With this presupposition a Christian believes that he was created by God and that everything that exists was created by God. Whereas a Hindu believes that everything has always existed and is a part of god. 2. The Question of Identity – A Christian believes that because he was created by a Sovereign God he is a special creation of God. God created humans only lower than angels and in His image. God placed the responsibility of caring for His creation in the hands of humans. Hindus believe they are a part of everything in nature and the goal is to become one with Brahman. 3. The Question of Meaning/Purpose – A Christian believes that their purpose is to know God. A Christian is to have a meaningful relationship with the one true God. A Hindu believes that their purpose is to end the cycle of reincarnation and reach a state of Nirvana. 4. The Question of Morality – A Christian believes that the guide for moral living is the Bible. Right and wrong are based upon God’s holy standard and not on man’s own perspective. A Hindu believes that they govern what is right and wrong. 5. The Question of Destiny – A Christian believes that by accepting or not accepting Jesus Christ as their savor determines where one will spend life after death. By accepting Jesus Christ as ones savior they will spend eternity in Heaven where they will be in the presence of God forever. If one denies Jesus Christ they will spend eternity in hell forever separated from God. A Hindu believes in reincarnation and Karma. Good or bad karma will determine in what form they will return upon rebirth. The goal is to reach Nirvana. How to cite Religious Worldviews, Papers

Vulnerability Severity Prediction A Metric -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Vulnerability Severity Prediction A Metric? Answer: Introduction Computer software vulnerability can be considered as threats that have been playing a very much vital role in every sphere related to the concept of management technology. Relating to when a breach takes place the first question which arises in the mind is that who is mainly gained from the incident. The answers are mainly the attackers to initiate the attack. The main concept is breaking into the system and stealing information or money, this task is considered to be very much easy from the side of the attacker and profitable also (Li et al. 2017). To be very much precise a software vulnerability can be stated as a flaw within a software product that can cause it deviation from the proper working and tend to lend the control of the entire software in the hand of the hackers who focus mainly to deliver profit on his basis from the vulnerability which is detected in the software and its peripherals. This report directly puts emphasis on the concept of the vulnerable which is related to the software and what stands in the way of delivering a software which does not face any issue related to vulnerability. The main point of emphasis is the issue which are taken into account after a vulnerability is taken into account bringing into limelight the different tactics that are followed in order to resolve the issue and take necessary steps to reduce the after affect. Loss due to exploitation Taking into consideration the complex communication system and information gives rise to implementation, design and management errors. These errors can directly lead to the concept of vulnerability. The term vulnerability can be used to describe a flaw in the information technology product that could be mainly used for the exploitation of the product. There can be several methods which can be included in the term of exploitation. Exploitation can be classified on the type of vulnerability they intent to attack. Few example which can be included in this concept are: Buffer overflow: in terms of computer security and programming the term buffer overflow or buffer overrun can be stated as an anomaly with regards to a program, while mainly the action of writing data to a buffer, overruns the boundary of the buffer and overwrites the accounting location of the memory (Rahimi and Zargham 2017). Situation a: when the main program is running Situation b: after the program A is called Situation c: buffer overflow concept which is shown in grey Memory corruption The concept of the memory corruption usually occurs in the computer program when the overall content of the memory location is unintentionally modified. It can be referred to as a violation of the memory safety ( Li et al. 2017). Race condition The race condition can be considered as situation which is undesirable that mainly occur when a device of a system mainly attempts to perform two or more operations with regards to the same instance of time, but due to the factor of nature of the device or the system, the operation should be done in the proper sequence in order to do it correctly. SQL injection is mainly considered as a code technique of injection which is mainly done to attack the data driven application, in which the nefarious statement of the SQL is injected into an entry field with the intention of execution. The main classification of the exploits can also be done on how the exploit contacts with the vulnerable software (Rahimi and Zargham 2017). There are mainly two types which can be involved in the concept, one being remote exploit and the other being local exploit. A remote exploit works mainly over a predefined network with the intention of exploiting the security vulnerability and on the other hand the local exploit requires the access prior to the vulnerable system and which usually increase the privileges in regards to the person running the main action of the exploit (Sibal, Sharma and Sabharwal 2017). Mainly due to the popularity in the concept of the internet, the network borne virus which are the computer virus and the worms can be termed as the main forms of exploitation. Taking into consideration a computer worm, it can the ability of self-replicating itself and can be considered as a self-contained exploitation. The computer worm can spread from one system to another system without the intervention of human activity ( Spanos et al. 2016). Onm the other hand a computer virus requires the action on the part of the user, for example emails attachments etc. the computer worms and the virus can be termed as a most cited example form of exploitation which has achieved overall 82% of the activity. The reco9very aspect which is related to the case are that almost 33% of the victim recovered from the attack in one day, 30% recovered in a tenure of one to seven days and 37% took more than a weeks time to recover completely from the attack ( Li et al. 2017). Exploits can also be classified on the concept of the main purpose of the attack and the main intention behind the attack. Few of the example which can be related in this type of classification are: personal frame (trespasser), curiosity (vandal), personal gain(thief) and interest of national (spy). The slammer, blaster and the code red attack mainly infected millions and millions of computer all over the world, it can be considered as very much expensive in order to recover from the incident. In recent times the attack which I s related to the personal gain can be considered as one of the most fastest growing sectors in the segment (Sibal, Sharma and Sabharwal 2017). These exploits can be terms of email phasing, email spam, keystroke loggers, bots and credential theft. Taking into consideration this types of attack many of the people who are victim of the attack are spoofed, where more than 60% of the victim visited the spoofed site and more than 15% have mainly admitted of giving t heir personal data to unwanted resources. Vulnerability disclosers types Taking into account a software vulnerability, each and every software vulnerability can be stated as different mainly on the basis of the process by which the flaws are mainly discovered to the ways in which the vulnerability is disclosed. There can be few categories in which the software vulnerability can be classified which are: The first discloser type which is taken into account is the non-discloser. This discloser is probably the easiest type of discloser which can be described and on the other hand quantification is very much difficult. In the case of this type of discloser, the researchers have discovered a vulnerability concept in a piece of a software, rather than the contact the software vendors or the security of the computer authority coordinating the event, the researchers mainly kept the concept of the vulnerability a mere secret. The community which is mainly involved in this type of practice are the black hat hackers. The concept of quantification which is very much difficult is due to the fact of the paradox that are no ways in which measurement of the flaws can be obtained but not disclosed (Sibal, Sharma and Sabharwal 2017). Based on the communication model it can be estimated that up to 17.3% of the finding of the vulnerability were not disclosed, however the statement of the how many vulnerabilities were discovered but remain undisclosed is a very important point of consideration in such a case. There was fairly a huge amount of critic on the concept of the vulnerability, the main point of concern is that the system remains open to the vulnerability even though the vulnerability is known, the main reason of this fact is that the vendors lack of publicity concept in the vulnerability may not be motivating on the point of the software vendors in order to repair the flaws immediately when it is known. Others variations which are taken into account on the non-discloser method tend to have the sam e result at the net end of the process which include greater risk towards the user in the point of view of the exploitation of the vulnerability. For example, it can be state that a researcher may find out any sort of vulnerability in a piece of software, the result of the action is taken in such a way that apart from reporting the vulnerability to the concerned authority the attackers would directly share the vulnerability which is involved in the software with other hackers which directly increase the risk associated to the user which are termed as the end user in this case (Joh and Malaiya 2016). Full discloser When a researchers find out a vulnerability they tend to inform the community at a whole about the vulnerability and mainly specifies how the vulnerability is found out, which software products can be affected by such vulnerability and the overall affect which is involved in due to the incident. On the broader sense they also tend to focus on the points on how the to exploit the flaws and how to protect the system against being a victim of the vulnerability. There can be many arguments against the main concept of the full discloser vulnerability in the sense that the total argument is taken into interest of the attackers and the informing the community about the attack. The main argument can be stated in two different way notability the first being that it is very much unethical to inform the community as a whole about the software flaws which are involved as soon as it is detected even before any patch is taken into economics in order to reduce the overall impact of the vulnerabilit y so that from the users point of view they can protect themselves. The second point of emphasis is that tactic motive in regards to the vendors of the software as when a software flaw is detected is to sit behind and acknowledge the event and informs the community about that an event has taken place rather than trying to generated some sort of patches in order to reduce the overall impact of the attack. One of the advantage that is faced in concept to the full discloser that when a flaw is detected the credit goes to the researchers on the incident of detecting the flaw. The credit goes directly in the hand of the researchers. Clearly it can be stated that incentives and the motivation which is related to the security industry being for personal or professional, the full discloser can be considered as a discloser technique that can be a field of attraction for the researchers of the security (Ghaffarian, S.M. and Shahriari 2017). On the other hand, the argument against the category of the full discloser method tend to go parallel with the full discloser. It can be seen that one of the most silent argument which usually takes place with the incident is that the exposing part of the vulnerability without the proper consultation with the software vendor related to the main event, this may directly result in increase of the risk being widespread in the point of view of the user of the system of the computer (Joh and Malaiya 2016). A very common example which can be related to the incident is that with few days or hours following the detection of the vulnerability a full script is ready and very much available for the script Kiddes toc consume and use the concept. Additionally, taking into account the vendors are not informed on the first hand about the vulnerability and the incident and main emphasis is put on informing the community about the incident, the work on the patches and the security measures that shoul d be implemented takes very much time, the testing phase which is related to any software flaws can take time to about few days before a patch van be launched in order to reduce the overall effect of the vulnerability. So it can have stated that there always lies a big window in which the user or the community is informed about the flaws but no patches or security measures are involved in the process to lack of information which is landed to the vendors in order for them to work on it and provide the necessary patches to the community or the users in order to protect them (Ghaffarian, S.M. and Shahriari 2017). Responsible discloser This can be termed as a final step of the discloser. The responsible discloser mainly falls into what can be stated as a class of vulnerability which can be known as partial discloser or in simple terms limited discloser. The responsible discloser may be stated as a policy of software discloser in which software vulnerability are mainly disclosed in a manner with the intention of putting the user at a minimum risk stage without the alteration related to the stifling the research security community. To make the term simple, when a vulnerability is detected in any software the researchers directly inform the vendors who are related to the software, and if the vendors in some cases are not responsive to the event , the researchers takes the overall control over the event and proceed with it. The main stages that are followed in this type of disclosers are as follows: The researchers first step after discovering of the flaw is to inform the vendors about the vulnerability (Shin and Williams 2016). If the vendors quickie responds the event and acknowledges the flaw and credit the researchers in order of identify the flaw and conduct the testing phase on the flaw and immediately after the testing issue of the patch related to the flaw is made the process can be stated to be complete. On the other hand, if the vendors do not respond quickly enough to the flaw or mainly fail to continue the communication related to the event, the originator has no other option than to proceed with the public discloser without the vendors direct intervention in the event of no patches being supplied. Taking into account both the scenarios, the concept of when the vulnerability is detected the principle should be to response quickly to the flaws. This can be done on the point of view of the vendors and also on the point of view of the researchers who have identified the issue and work on the always so that the common people are not affected to much by the incident (Joh and Malaiya 2016). Cost related issue The cost of the software vulnerability towards the vendor can be broadly be classified mainly into two categories: the cost of distributing a patch for the defect and loss of cost sales due to the factor of dissatisfaction from the point of view of the customer. Cost of patch: the cost which is relating to fixing any sort of problem after the release of the software can be considered to be always on the higher point than the cost of fixing a problem prior to the release of the software. It can be estimated that the cost of fixing any problem after the realise is eight times more than prior to the release. Researchers have found out that fixing a bug after a realise is very much difficult and time consuming then prior to the release. Taking an example of one of the giants in the field of technology Microsoft, the company spends nearly $100000 on an average for the security related issue in order to distribute patch for any fault which is detected. However, the cost of the releasing aspect of each of the patches can be on a lower end by distributing the patches online Cost of loss related to sales: software vulnerability can directly lead to customer dissatisfaction, loss of reputation of the vendor and disruption. Defective software can superimpose many types of problem related to the user as stated below: The breaches which occur due to software may lead to disruption, downfall as well as compromised information which is related to confidentiality. Using of defective software from the point of view of the user can impose many types of cost related issue. The magnitude of the second point which is discussed above can be directly be related to the Amount of loss which is generated from the point of view of the customers. Moreover, putting emphasis on the vendors they can future loss many of the users due to users avoidance in order of buying the product and with the existing customers delay can purchase can be exhibited due to the insecurity which is seen in the product. It can also be stated that the software products have largest cost related issue when relating to the switching which makes it difficult for the users to switch between the vendors. Therefore, the cost related to the sales lost depends mainly on the market structure as well. Conclusion The report puts direct emphasis on a contemporary and interesting issue of whether vendors of the software are adversely affected by the security issue related vulnerability which is related to the software products. It can be stated that due to the unique characteristics of the software industry in the near future the damage which is imposed on the vendors point of view on an event of a software vulnerability would be very much minimal and unneglectable. The vulnerability issue which is related to the software product can be state to be very much on a higher side if after the detection of the vulnerability no patches or security measures are involved in the process. there should be always a high end testing of the vulnerability and why it is caused so that the end users are not affected by such events. On the other hand the report also states that the cost related to the include patches after the release of a software is always on a higher hand, so it must always be taken into consi deration that the testing and other security issue related problems are solved before the software is in the hand of the common users. This would be directly beneficial from the point of view of the vendors as well as the user of the software. References Alves, H., Fonseca, B. and Antunes, N., 2016, September. Software Metrics and Security Vulnerabilities: Dataset and Exploratory Study. In Dependable Computing Conference (EDCC), 2016 12th European (pp. 37-44). IEEE. Anand, P., 2016, August. Overview of Root Causes of Software Vulnerabilities-Technical and User-Side Perspectives. In Software Security and Assurance (ICSSA), 2016 International Conference on (pp. 70-74). IEEE. Cai, J., Zou, P., Ma, J. and He, J., 2016. SwordDTA: A dynamic taint analysis tool for software vulnerability detection. Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences, 21(1), pp.10-20. Dam, H.K., Tran, T., Pham, T., Ng, S.W., Grundy, J. and Ghose, A., 2017. Automatic feature learning for vulnerability prediction. arXiv preprint arXiv:1708.02368. Ghaffarian, S.M. and Shahriari, H.R., 2017. Software Vulnerability Analysis and Discovery Using Machine-Learning and Data-Mining Techniques: A Survey. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), 50(4), p.56. Hovsepyan, A., Scandariato, R. and Joosen, W., 2016, September. Is Newer Always Better?: The Case of Vulnerability Prediction Models. In Proceedings of the 10th ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and management (p. 26). ACM. Hovsepyan, A., Scandariato, R., Joosen, W. and Walden, J., 2017, September. Software vulnerability prediction using text analysis techniques. In Proceedings of the 4th international workshop on Security measurements and metrics (pp. 7-10). ACM. Jimenez, M., Papadakis, M. and Le Traon, Y., 2016, October. Vulnerability Prediction Models: A case study on the Linux Kernel. In Source Code Analysis and Manipulation (SCAM), 2016 IEEE 16th International Working Conference on (pp. 1-10). IEEE. Joh, H. and Malaiya, Y.K., 2016. Periodicity in software vulnerability discovery, patching and exploitation. International Journal of Information Security, pp.1-18. Lagerstrm, R., Baldwin, C., MacCormack, A., Sturtevant, D. and Doolan, L., 2017, July. Exploring the Relationship Between Architecture Coupling and Software Vulnerabilities. In International Symposium on Engineering Secure Software and Systems (pp. 53-69). Springer, Cham. Li, H., Kwon, H., Kwon, J. and Lee, H., 2016. CLORIFI: software vulnerability discovery using code clone verification. Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience, 28(6), pp.1900-1917. Li, X., Chang, X., Board, J.A. and Trivedi, K.S., 2017, January. A novel approach for software vulnerability classification. In Reliability and Maintainability Symposium (RAMS), 2017 Annual (pp. 1-7). IEEE. Nord, R.L., Ozkaya, I., Schwartz, E.J., Shull, F. and Kazman, R., 2016, August. Can Knowledge of Technical Debt Help Identify Software Vulnerabilities?. In CSET@ USENIX Security Symposium. Pianc, M., Fonseca, B. and Antunes, N., 2016, June. Code Change History and Software Vulnerabilities. In Dependable Systems and Networks Workshop, 2016 46th Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on (pp. 6-9). IEEE. Piessens, F. and Verbauwhede, I., 2016, March. Software security: Vulnerabilities and countermeasures for two attacker models. In Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Design, Automation Test in Europe (pp. 990-999). EDA Consortium. Rahimi, S. and Zargham, M., 2017. Vulnerability scrying method for software vulnerability discovery prediction without a vulnerability database. IEEE Transactions on Reliability, 62(2), pp.395-407. Shin, Y. and Williams, L., 2016, October. An empirical model to predict security vulnerabilities using code complexity metrics. In Proceedings of the Second ACM-IEEE international symposium on Empirical software engineering and measurement (pp. 315-317). ACM. Shin, Y., Meneely, A., Williams, L. and Osborne, J.A., 2016. Evaluating complexity, code churn, and developer activity metrics as indicators of software vulnerabilities. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 37(6), pp.772-787. Sibal, R., Sharma, R. and Sabharwal, S., 2017. Prioritizing software vulnerability types using multi-criteria decision-making techniques. Life Cycle Reliability and Safety Engineering, 6(1), pp.57-67. Spanos, G., Angelis, L. and Kosmidou, K., 2017. Is the Marketing Value of Software Vendors Affected by Software Vulnerability Announcements?. In Strategic Innovative Marketing (pp. 465-469). Springer, Cham. Spanos, G., Angelis, L. and Kosmidou, K., 2017. Is the Market Value of Software Vendors Affected by Software Vulnerability Announcements?. In Strategic Innovative Marketing (pp. 465-469). Springer, Cham. Stuckman, J., Walden, J. and Scandariato, R., 2017. The Effect of Dimensionality Reduction on Software Vulnerability Prediction Models. IEEE Transactions on Reliability, 66(1), pp.17-37. Sultana, K.Z., Deo, A. and Williams, B.J., 2016, June. A preliminary study examining relationships between nano-patterns and software security vulnerabilities. In Computer Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC), 2016 IEEE 40th Annual (Vol. 1, pp. 257-262). IEEE. Sultana, K.Z., Deo, A. and Williams, B.J., 2017, January. Correlation Analysis among Java Nano-Patterns and Software Vulnerabilities. In High Assurance Systems Engineering (HASE), 2017 IEEE 18th International Symposium on (pp. 69-76). IEEE. Yang, J., Ryu, D. and Baik, J., 2016, January. Improving vulnerability prediction accuracy with secure coding standard violation measures. In Big Data and Smart Computing (BigComp), 2016 International Conference on (pp. 115-122). IEEE. 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Internal Combustion Engines Essay Paper Example For Students

Internal Combustion Engines Essay Paper Internal Combustion EnginesAn internal-combustion engine is a heat engine that burns fuel and airinside a combustion chamber located within the engine proper. Simply stated, aheat engine is an engine that converts heat energy to mechanical energy. Theinternal- combustion engine should be distinguished from the external-combustion engine, for example, the steam engine and the Stirling engine, whichburns fuel outside the prime mover, that is, the device that actually producesmechanical motion. Both basic types produce hot, expanding gases, which may thenbe employed to move pistons, turn turbine rotors, or cause locomotion throughthe reaction principle as they escape through the nozzle. Most people are familiar with the internal-combustion reciprocating engine,which is used to power most automobiles, boats, lawn mowers, and home generators. Based on the means of ignition, two types of internal-combustion reciprocatingengines can be distinguished: spark-ignition engines and compression-ignitionengines. In the former, a spark ignites a combustible mixture of air and fuel;in the latter, high compression raises the temperature of the air in the chamberand ignites the injected fuel without a spark. The diesel engine is acompression-ignition engine. This article emphasizes the spark-ignition engine. The invention and early development of internal-combustion engines areusually credited to three Germans. Nikolaus Otto patented and built (1876) thefirst such engine; Karl Benz built the first automobile to be powered by such anengine (1885); and Gottlieb Daimler designed the first high-speed internal-combustion engine (1885) and carburetor. Rudolf Diesel invented a successfulcompression-ignition engine (the diesel engine) in 1892. The operation of the internal-combustion reciprocating engine employseither a four-stroke cycle or a two-stroke cycle. A stroke is one continuousmovement of the piston within the cylinder. In the four-stroke cycle, also known as the Otto cycle, the downwardmovement of a piston located within a cylinder creates a partial vacuum. Valveslocated inside the combustion chamber are controlled by the motion of a camshaftconnected to the crankshaft. The four strokes are called, in order of sequence,intake, compression, power, and exhaust. On the first stroke the intake valve isopened while the exhaust valve is closed; atmospheric pressure forces a mixtureof gas and air to fill the chamber. On the second stroke the intake and exhaustvalves are both closed as the piston starts upward. The mixture is compressedfrom normal atmospheric pressure (1 kg/sq cm, or 14.7 lb/sq in) to between 4.9and 8.8 kg/sq cm (70 and 125 lb/sq in). During the third stroke the compressedmixture is ignitedeither by compression ignition or by spark ignition. Theheat produced by the combustion causes the gases to expand within the cylinder,thus forcing the piston downward. The pistons connecting rod transmi ts thepower from the piston to the crankshaft. This assembly changes reciprocatinginother words, up-and-down or back-and-forth motionto rotary motion. On thefourth stroke the exhaust valve is opened so that the burned gases can escape asthe piston moves upward; this prepares the cylinder for another cycle. Internal-combustion spark-ignition engines having a two-stroke cycle combineintake and compression in a single first stroke and power and exhaust in asecond stroke. The internal-combustion reciprocating engine contains several subsystems:ignition, fuel, cooling, and exhaust systems. The ignition system of a spark-ignition engine consists of the sparkingdevice (the spark plug); the connecting wire from the plug to the distributor;and the distributor, which distributes the spark to the proper cylinder at theproper time. The distributor receives a high-energy spark from a coil, ormagneto, that converts low-voltage energy to high-voltage energy. Some ignitionsystems employ transistorized circuitry, which is generally more efficient andless troublesome than the mechanical breaker-point system used in the past. Mostignition systems require an external electrical energy source in the form of abattery or a magneto. .ube36ef24bbd83f5eeac8c371cba37e63 , .ube36ef24bbd83f5eeac8c371cba37e63 .postImageUrl , .ube36ef24bbd83f5eeac8c371cba37e63 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ube36ef24bbd83f5eeac8c371cba37e63 , .ube36ef24bbd83f5eeac8c371cba37e63:hover , .ube36ef24bbd83f5eeac8c371cba37e63:visited , .ube36ef24bbd83f5eeac8c371cba37e63:active { border:0!important; } .ube36ef24bbd83f5eeac8c371cba37e63 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ube36ef24bbd83f5eeac8c371cba37e63 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ube36ef24bbd83f5eeac8c371cba37e63:active , .ube36ef24bbd83f5eeac8c371cba37e63:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ube36ef24bbd83f5eeac8c371cba37e63 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ube36ef24bbd83f5eeac8c371cba37e63 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ube36ef24bbd83f5eeac8c371cba37e63 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ube36ef24bbd83f5eeac8c371cba37e63 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ube36ef24bbd83f5eeac8c371cba37e63:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ube36ef24bbd83f5eeac8c371cba37e63 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ube36ef24bbd83f5eeac8c371cba37e63 .ube36ef24bbd83f5eeac8c371cba37e63-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ube36ef24bbd83f5eeac8c371cba37e63:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Philosophy of Religion EssaySpark-ignition engines require a means for mixing fuel and air. This may beeither a carburetor or fuel injection. A carburetor atomizes the fuel into theengines incoming air supply. The mixture is then vaporized in the intakemanifold on its way to the combustion chamber. fuel injection sprays acontrolled mist of fuel into the airstream, either in the intake manifold orjust before the intake valve or valves of each cylinder. Both carburetors andfuel injectors maintain the correct fuel- to-air ratio, about one part fuel tofifteen parts air, over a wide range of air temperatures, engine speeds, andloads. Fuel injection can compensate for change s in altitude as well. Internal-combustion engines require some type of starting system. Smallengines are generally started by pulling a starting rope or kicking a lever. Larger engines may use compressed air or an electric starting system. The latterincludes a startera high-torque electric motorto turn the crankshaft untilthe engine starts. Starting motors are extremely powerful for their size and aredesigned to utilize high currents (200 to 300 amperes). The large startingcurrents can cause a battery to drain rapidly; for this reason a heavy- dutybattery is usually used. Interrupting this connection is an electrical switchcalled a solenoid, which is activated by the low- voltage starting switch. Inthis way the ignition switch can be located away from the starter and yet stillturn the starter on and off. The cooling system is important because internal-combustion engines operateat high temperatures of combustionspark- ignition engines at approximately2,760 degrees C (5,000 degrees F) and diesel engines at even higher temperatures. If it were not for the cooling system, these high temperatures would damage andmelt many parts of the engine. The cooling system essentially dissipates theheat of combustion in metal, water, or air and automatically regulates thetemperature so that the engine can operate at its optimum temperatureabout 93degrees C (200 degrees F). Air-cooled engines, popularly used to power small lawn mowers, chain saws,power generators, and motorcycles, as well as small cars and airplanes, oftenrequire no moving parts, and therefore little or no maintenance, for the coolingsystem. The head, or uppermost part, of the cylinder and the cylinder block havefins cast into them; these fins increase the surface exposed to the surroundingair, allowing more heat to be radiated. Usually a cover or shroud channels theair flow over the fins. A fan is sometimes included if the engine is locatedaway from a stream of fast-moving air. Water-cooled engines have water jackets built into the engine block. Thesejackets surround the cylinders. Usually a centrifugal water pump is used tocirculate the water continuously through the water jackets. In this way the highheat of combustion is drawn off the cylinder wall into the circulating water. The water must then be cooled in a radiator that transfers the heat energy ofthe water to the radiators cooler surrounding fluid. The surrounding fluid canbe air or water, depending on the application of the engine. Internal-combustion engines include an exhaust system, which allows the hotexhaust gases to escape efficiently from the engine. In some small engines theexhaust gases can exit directly into the atmosphere. Larger engines are noisierand require some type of muffler or sound deadener, usually a canister with aninner shell that breaks up the sound waves, dissipating their energy within themuffler before the exhaust gases are permitted to escape. The power capacity of an engine depends on a number of characteristics,including the volume of the combustion chamber. The volume can be increased byincreasing the size of the piston and cylinder and by increasing the number ofcylinders. The cylinder configuration, or arrangement of cylinders, can bestraight, or in-line (one cylinder located behind the other); radial (cylinderslocated around a circle); in a V (cylinders located in a V configuration); oropposed (cylinders located opposite each other). Another type of internal-combustion engine, the Wankel engine, has no cylinders; instead, it has a rotorthat moves through a combustion chamber. .u71cd9997fce933502ad902f2827a61d8 , .u71cd9997fce933502ad902f2827a61d8 .postImageUrl , .u71cd9997fce933502ad902f2827a61d8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u71cd9997fce933502ad902f2827a61d8 , .u71cd9997fce933502ad902f2827a61d8:hover , .u71cd9997fce933502ad902f2827a61d8:visited , .u71cd9997fce933502ad902f2827a61d8:active { border:0!important; } .u71cd9997fce933502ad902f2827a61d8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u71cd9997fce933502ad902f2827a61d8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u71cd9997fce933502ad902f2827a61d8:active , .u71cd9997fce933502ad902f2827a61d8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u71cd9997fce933502ad902f2827a61d8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u71cd9997fce933502ad902f2827a61d8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u71cd9997fce933502ad902f2827a61d8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u71cd9997fce933502ad902f2827a61d8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u71cd9997fce933502ad902f2827a61d8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u71cd9997fce933502ad902f2827a61d8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u71cd9997fce933502ad902f2827a61d8 .u71cd9997fce933502ad902f2827a61d8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u71cd9997fce933502ad902f2827a61d8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Salem witch trials1 EssayAn internal-combustion engine must also have some kind of transmissionsystem to control and direct the mechanical energy where it is needed; forexample, in an automobile the energy must be directed to the driving wheels. Since these engines are not able to start under a load, a transmission systemmust be used to disengage the engine from the load during starting and then toapply the load when the engine reaches its operating speed.